Gloria Steinem - Feminist and Editor

Born: March 25, 1934Occupation: Writer, feminist organizer, journalist, editor, lecturerKnown For: Founder of Ms. Magazine; bestselling author; spokesperson on women’s issues and feminist activism Gloria Steinem Biography Gloria Steinem was one of the most prominent activists of second-wave feminism. For several decades she has continued to write and speak about societal roles, politics, and issues affecting women. Background Steinem was born in 1934 in Toledo, Ohio. Her father’s work as an antique dealer took the family on many trips around the United States in a trailer. Her mother worked as a journalist and teacher before suffering from severe depression that led to a nervous breakdown. Steinem’s parents divorced during her childhood and she spent years struggling financially and caring for her mother. She moved to Washington D.C. to live with her older sister for her senior year of high school.    Gloria Steinem attended Smith College, studying government and political affairs. She then studied in India on a post-graduate fellowship. This experience broadened her horizons and helped to educate her about the suffering in the world and the high standard of living in the United States.Journalism and Activism Gloria Steinem began her journalism career in New York. At first she did not cover challenging stories as a â€Å"girl reporter† among mostly men. However, an early investigative reporting piece became one of her most famous when she went to work in a Playboy club for an expose. She wrote about the hard work, harsh conditions and unfair wages and treatment endured by women in those jobs. She found nothing glamorous about the Playboy Bunny life and said that all women were â€Å"bunnies† because they were placed in roles based on their sex in order to serve men. Her reflective essay â€Å"I Was a Playboy Bunny† appears in her book Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions. Gloria Steinem was an early contributing editor and political columnist for New York Magazine in the late 1960s. In 1972, she launched Ms. Its initial publication of 300,000 copies sold out rapidly nationwide. The magazine became the landmark publication of the feminist movement. Unlike other women’s magazines of the time, Ms. covered topics such as gender bias in language, sexual harassment, feminist protest of pornography, and political candidates’ stances on women’s issues. Ms. has been published by the Feminist Majority foundation since 2001, and Steinem now serves as a consulting editor.Political Issues Along with activists such as Bella Abzug and Betty Friedan, Gloria Steinem founded the National Women’s Political Caucus in 1971. The NWPC is a multi-partisan organization dedicated to increasing the participation of women in politics and getting women elected. It supports women candidates with fundraising, training, education, and other grassroots activism. In Steinem’s famous â€Å"Address to the Women of America† at an early NWPC meeting, she spoke of feminism as a â€Å"revolution† that meant working toward a society in which people are not categorized by race and sex. She has often spoken about feminism as â€Å"humanism.† In addition to examining race and sex inequality, Steinem has long been committed to the Equal Rights Amendment, abortion rights, equal pay for women, and an end to domestic violence. She has advocated on behalf of children who were abused in day care centers and spoken out against the 1991 Gulf War and the Iraq war launched in 2003. Gloria Steinem has been active in political campaigns since that of Adlai Stevenson in 1952. In 2004, she joined thousands of other canvassers on bus trips to swing states such as Pennsylvania and her native Ohio. In 2008, she expressed her concern in a New York Times Op-Ed piece that Barack Obama’s race was seen to be a unifying factor while Hillary Clinton’s gender was seen as a divisive factor. Gloria Steinem co-founded the Women’s Action Alliance, the Coalition of Labor Union Women, and Choice USA, among other organizations. Recent Life and Work At the age of 66, Gloria Steinem married David Bale (father of actor Christian Bale). They lived together in both Los Angeles and New York until he passed away of brain lymphoma in December 2003. Some voices in the media commented on the longtime feminist’s marriage with disparaging remarks about whether in her 60s she had decided she needed a man after all. With her characteristic good humor, Steinem deflected the remarks and said she had always hoped women would choose to marry if and when it was the right choice for them. She also expressed surprise that people did not see how much marriage had changed since the 1960s in terms of rights allowed to women. Gloria Steinem is on the Board of Directors of the Women’s Media Center, and she is a frequent lecturer and spokeswoman on a variety of issues. Her bestselling books include Revolution from Within: A Book of Self-Esteem, Moving Beyond Words, and Marilyn: Norma Jean. In 2006, she published Doing Sixty and Seventy, which examines age stereotypes and the liberation of older women.

The Crusades Were Important Part Of World History During...

The Crusades were an important part of World History during the post classical era. Between 1096 and 1270, the Europeans attempted to acquire Christian sacred areas from the Muslims (The Crusades). Supported by Western Europe, Christian armies were sent to take over the Holy Land and other surrounding areas (Crusades). The Holy Land surrounds Jerusalem and, to this day, contains sacred sites to Christians, Jews, and Muslims (Crusades). These sacred sites were very important to people of these religions and many pilgrimages occurred there (Crusades). During the eleventh century, Muslims acquired the Holy Land and expanded their empire (Crusades). This prompted Alexius Comnenus, the Byztantine emperor, to write to Pope Urban II in need of trying to reacquire this sacred land (The Crusades). This prompted the start of the Crusades. There were four major Crusades and several others that occurred (Crusades). The first was probably the most significant out of all of them. The First Crusade allowed for the capture of The Holy Land and also prompted an influence of Middle Eastern culture and ideas to Western Europe. During the first century BCE, the Roman Empire seen the diffusion of Christianity throughout its empire (Crusaders Arrive at Constantinople). Once the empire expanded into Jerusalem and Palestine, Christianity became the predominant religion in these areas (Crusaders Arrive at Constantinople). During the seventh century CE, the rise of Islam occurred,Show MoreRelated The History of Art Essay4153 Words   |  17 PagesThe History of Art Art was the first written language and to study the history of art is to study the history of civilizations and humankind. The Paleolithic cave paintings in France, when viewed in the modern western perspective can only be speculated at as to the intent and/or purpose of the original artisans. 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Cholera Epidemic Free Essays

Cholera Epidemic Epidemics have played an important role in modern European history. In particular, epidemic diseases have been a frequently repeated feature of human history up to the present day. A classic example of such a disease in Europe during the 1800s is cholera. We will write a custom essay sample on Cholera Epidemic or any similar topic only for you Order Now This disease caused profuse diarrhea, severe dehydration, collapse, and often death. As cholera travelled throughout towns and cities, it took advantage of overcrowded housing conditions, poor hygiene and insanitary water- supplies. Studies suggested that these conditions might almost have been designed for it. Furthermore, cholera affected the poor more than the well-off and the rich due to lack of sanitary attention. This led to the Judgement of the poor and how people blamed them for causing the disease of cholera. However, when it spread to the middle classes, they needed to address a different cause for cholera. Cholera spread in a series of a waves or pandemics. The disease made isolated appearances in Europe and was regarded as the classic epidemic disease of the nineteenth century. Still, three major questions are to be addressed about cholera. First, was the psychological and social impact of cholera powerful enough to enable he absolute numbers of people affected and was its impact minor compared to tuberculosis? Second, did cholera epidemics play a part in the major political disruptions of the nineteenth century? Thirdly, did people blame the state for outbreaks of cholera, and did this lead to any changes in state policy from country to country? In terms of its spread, the cholera bacillus enters the body through the mouth and the digestive system. The subsequent symptoms include massive vomiting and diarrhea. Cholera was shocking to the nineteenth century; it was considered a disease that came from the â€Å"uncivilized† east. To address the first question, cholera seemed to affect healthy adults Just as much as, or even more than, it affected they young and old, the sickly and the weak. Cholera affected the poor more than the rich, â€Å"and the widespread middle class view that the poor only had themselves to blame was hardly calculated to mollify the apprehensions of the poor. â€Å"l In addition, the â€Å"undeserving† poor were the most affected because the poor did not have access to clean water and sanitization while the well-off or the rich did. In turn, the poor could easily interpret the immunity of the bourgeoisie as evidence of unfairness on the art of the rich to reduce the burden of poverty by killing off the main victims. Clear evidence of the social distribution of the disease is difficult to say, but the â€Å"distribution of cholera obviously to some extent reflected whether or not a local water-supply nad been contaminated†¦ proximity to intected water was i tselt at least in part socially determined†¦ â€Å"2 It was sad to see that the poor were blamed for the cause of the disease because it is unfair to the poor since they cannot afford to have better sanitization. Statistics suggested that while it could and did affect the well-off nd the rich, its impact on the poor was disproportionately high in most epidemics like cholera. Because of their wealth, the rich could flee from outbreaks with ease and their occupations did not have to deal with contact with contaminated water and with their employment of servants. Moreover, their toilet facilities were maintained well. One could see the differential impact of cholera between the rich and the poor which worsened social tensions. The poor suffered because of overcrowding and poor sanitation, and because they could not employ servants to take necessary hygienic recautions. However, they are not the one to blame for the cause of the cholera epidemic. According to Sir Edwin Chadwick, â€Å"various forms of epidemic, endemic, and other disease caused, or aggravated, or propagated chiefly amongst the laboring classes by atmospheric impurities produced by decomposing animal and vegetable substances, by damp and filth, and close and overcrowded dwellings prevail amongst the population†¦ â€Å"3 However, there are solutions to the circumstances mentioned. The removal of drainage, proper cleansing, better ventilation, and alternative ways of ecreasing contamination can help people live a better sanitized life. The main cause, however, is the defective supplies of water. If clean water could be supplied throughout the cities and towns, epidemics like cholera would not have to happen wiping out at least half of the victims. Such a simple request can make the place a better one. Additionally, Chadwick mentioned how the annual loss of life from filth and bad ventilation are greater than the loss from death or wounds in any wars. I think that it is unfortunate that so many people die from grimy living conditions; if only the imple requests were Just to be granted, then it would be a win-win situation. The expense of public drainage, of supplies of water laid on in houses, and improved cleansing would be a huge gain and it would ultimately decrease sickness. Chadwick makes a great point stating, â€Å"the removal of noxious physical circumstances, and the promotion of civic, household, and personal cleanliness, are necessary to the improvement of the moral condition of the population; for that sound morality and refinement in manners and health are not long found coexistent with filthy habits amongst any class of the community. Chadwick claims that these adverse conditions of the laboring class tends to produce adults who abandon all of life’s decencies and indulge in habits of degradation and demoralization. This statement is somewhat agreeable because I do believe that horrible living conditions and shortened life spans would lead many to migrate. However, it does not mean that it is inevitable because people from this background can choose to live morally if they want. T o address the second question, there is little doubt that cholera epidemics tend to occur at moments ot crisis in European history. How to cite Cholera Epidemic, Papers

How Far Was the February Revolution Caused by the Length of World War One Essay Sample free essay sample

The February revolution was caused by the length of World War One to a big extent. if the war wasn’t so long. the revolution wouldn’t have happened. However the revolution was besides caused by Nicholas’ hapless political determinations. which didn’t have anything to make with the length of the war. Russia decided to travel to war in 1914 because Nicholas II and his curates felt they had a good ground to travel to war. Russia had at least two chances to win the war nevertheless their slow modernization in industrialization meant they were at a disadvantage because they couldn’t maintain up with the societal and economic alterations caused by the war. Between August and September 1914 Russia’s opportunities of triumph over Germany and Austria-Hungary were ruined at the conflicts of Tannenburg and Masurin lakes. There failure was wholly down to bad administration and bad co-ordination between the ground forcess of Alexader Samsonov and Pavel Re nnenkampf. Samsonov finally shot himself after his ground forces were surrounded but Rennenkampf executed a adept retreat at the Masurin lakes so that his first ground forces could avoid the destiny of Samsonov’s 2nd ground forces. The Tannenburg and Masurin lakes killed over 230. 000 Russians. about twice every bit many as the Germans. and the conflicts helped to equalize the forces contending the First World War. which meant there was an addition in the war being an even longer battle. In November 1914 General Nikolai Ivanov said that â€Å"it is impossible to observe Stavka’s instructions either an exact undertaking or fixed nonsubjective. † Stavka was the name given to the bid of the first Russian ground forces. He didn’t set up an heavy weapon subdivision until early 1916. so until this was set up. Stavka had no thought how many shells the Russian ground forces possessed. This explains why in May to June 1915 Stavka blamed Russia’s ‘problems’ on a shell deficit. However the shell deficit gave Stavka an alibi to avoid a reappraisal of its planning and control. This made the revolution probably because it meant that the ground forces were truly embarrassed. the shell deficits besides proved the disorganization that the Russian ground forces had and so the Tsar The military failures had an consequence on the length of the war because the more Russia lost. the more they had to contend to seek and contend back the humiliation. The socio-economic impact of the war was slow to take consequence because the authorities had to trust on imports. Plans were implemented to pitch the industrial end products to the demands of the war. Artillery production rose by 400 per centum in the first two old ages of the war and mills were converted to armaments production. Fuel deficits increased and so did the monetary values so the rising prices shortly led to an addition in the printing of money. This made people truly angry. and as the length of the war began to increase. the choler people had began to increase. Railways were blocked by the transit of military personnels and their equipment significance that the transit of nutrient was slowed down massively. this was besides bad because most of the nutrient that so was produced was sent to the ground forces and so the people of Russia were shortly left starvation. increasing their choler degrees even more. The monetary values of meat rose by 30 per centum and the monetary value of flour increased by 200 per centum. This was likely to do a revolution because all of these alterations to the Russian people’s society and economic system meant that protests and work stoppages occurred and more radical groups were made. and so the authorities found it hard to maintain control over the distant parts of the Empire. The socio-economic impact was to make with the length of the war because as the war grew longer. more money was spent on funding things like nutrient for the ground forces. which made more people hungry. angry. and increased the sum of protests. Nicholas’ married woman Alexandra was an Anglo-German princess ; this was bad for Nicholas straight off because a batch of Russian people believed she was a German undercover agent. Over the old ages 1915-1916 Alexandra built a strong friendly relationship with a faith therapist. Rasputin. Rasputin’s power and friendly relationship with the czarina meant that he could act upon her in pick of many things including her pick of curates and assignments. Nicholas was pressured by the czarina and so he left to contend in the ground forces. this left Alexandra and Rasputin in charge. The bond between Rasputin and Alexandra so became unbreakable and people had intuitions that they were holding an matter. Rasputin so used his influence t o derive both church and authorities places for his friends. They frequently sacked a batch of minsters. Alexandra had control over largely everything else and Nicholas was cut off from information about the state of affairs in Petrograd. This made a revolution probably because people were angry with Alexandra’s determinations and this made them angry at the czar. This links to the length of the war because whilst the czar was off contending. it left Alexandra and Rasputin in leading for a longer clip period. During the summer of 1915 the Sukhomlinov matter illustrated Nicholas’ failings and marked the beginning of a crisp political crisis. Within the Duma. a new broad alliance of Kadets. Octoberists and Progressists emerged ; it had a bulk and called itself the Progressive Bloc. The purpose of the Bloc was to promote the czar to organize a Ministry of Public assurance which would include some of its leaders. The Bloc had a demand to give the tsarist regime the broader base if public support it needed to contend a hard. dearly-won war. From the czars point of position it looked like another effort to cut down the autocracy’s power. or an extension of the duma’s against curates it didn’t like. like Sukhomlinov. Nicholas decided to take two classs of action ; foremost he compromised with the Bloc by naming a clasp of broad curates. Then he dismissed them and appointed himself figurehead commander-in-chief. The Duma was so closed down temporarily and forced to witness the civilian authorities falling under the influence of the czarina and Rasputin. This was likely to do a revolution because the czar didn’t listen to the people. he did what he wanted and what he thought was best. which made the people of Russia and members of the Progressive Bloc even more angry. nevertheless this is non linked to the length of the war. it is strictly down to Nicholas’ hapless political determinations. The winter of 1916 was cold and difficult for the people of Russia. Workers in the metropolis were angry because of the cold conditions. and the fact that the fuel and nutrient deficits caused by the war. was hungering them. On Thursday 23rd February. on the forenoon International Women’s Day. ladies from within the society- largely provincials. went into the streets and protested due to anti-government feelings in Petrograd. By the afternoon adult females had gone into mills and taunted work forces. naming them cowards if they wouldn’t back up them. Women ropeway drivers went on work stoppage and blocked off the street s and shortly plenty a immense crowd gathered in the chief street of Petrograd as the dissenters started to garner impulse. On the 24-25th February demands for staff of life were accompanied by demands for an terminal to the war and an terminal to the czar. By the 26th February the Tsar had had plenty. He demanded that soldiers joined the demonstrators. he told them to fire at the dissenters. Some regiments opened fire on the crowds but some refused. They thought that if they went out to war. they were traveling to decease anyhow. so traveling against the czar and non opening fire was a hazard they were willing to take because they felt that it was unjust on the people. On the twenty-seventh February the Duma formed a particular commission made up of reps from chief political parties. prisons were opened and the captives released. By the 2nd March the czar abdicated himself and his ill boy in favor of his brother Michael. but Michael refused and the Romanov dynasty came to an terminal. The duma commission so set about organizing a new authorities. This was the trigger of the revolution because the czar eventually listened to the people and accomplished things had to alter. This is linked to the length of the war because. if the war wasn’t so long. the people of Russia wouldn’t have been angry because of the supplies being so low. their hours being increased and being paid lupus erythematosus. so at that place would hold been nil to protest approximately. Overall many of the factors did reasoning backward because of the length of the war doing the revolution ; nevertheless Nicholas’ determination to open fire on the crowds was besides a cause of the revolution. To reason. the February revolution was caused by the length of the war to a big extent. but the length of the war was non wholly re sponsible for the revolution.